Profile of Pakistans ISI (Inter-Services Intelligence)

Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) is the largest of the countrys five intelligence services. It is a controversial, sometimes rogue organization that Benazir Bhutto, the late Pakistani prime minister, once termed a â€Å"state within a state.† Its tendency to operate outside of the Pakistani government’s control is often at odds with American anti-terror policy in South Asia. The International Business Times ranked the ISI as the top intelligence agency in the world in 2011. How the ISI Became so Powerful The ISI became that â€Å"state within a state† only after 1979, largely thanks to billions of dollars in American and Saudi aid and armament. Covertly channeled exclusively through the ISI to the mujahideen of Afghanistan, such funds aided the fight against Soviet occupation there in the 1980s. Muhammad Zia ul-Haq, Pakistans military dictator from 1977 to 1988 and the countrys first Islamist leader, positioned himself as the indispensable ally of American interests against Soviet expansion in South Asia. Zia promoted ISI as the indispensable clearinghouse through which all aid and armament would flow. Zia, not the CIA, decided which insurgent groups received financial support. The arrangement had far-reaching implications that the CIA didnt foresee, making Zia and the ISI the unlikely (and disastrous, in retrospect) hinge of U.S. policy in South Asia. The ISI’s Complicity With the Taliban For their part, Pakistan’s leaders—Zia, Bhutto, and Pervez Musharraf among them—often used the ISI’s double-dealing skills to their advantage. That’s especially true regarding Pakistan’s relationship with the Taliban, which the ISI helped create in the mid-1990s and subsequently financed, armed, and kept in business to counter India’s influence in Afghanistan. Either directly or indirectly, the ISI never stopped supporting the Taliban even after 2001, when Pakistan ostensibly became an ally of the U.S. in the war on al-Qaeda and the Taliban. British-Pakistani journalist Ahmed Rashid writes in his analysis of the failed American mission in South Asia between 2001 and 2008: even as some ISI officers were helping U.S. officers locate Taliban targets for U.S. bombers [in 2002], other ISI officers were pumping in fresh armaments to the Taliban. On the Afghan side of the border, [Northern Alliance] intelligence operatives compiled lists of the arriving ISI trucks and handed them to the CIA. Similar patterns continue to this day, especially on the Afghan-Pakistani border. Here, Taliban militants are likely warned by ISI operatives of impending American military action. A Call for the ISI’s Dismantling According to a report by the Defense Academy, a British Ministry of Defense think tank, â€Å"Indirectly, Pakistan [through the ISI] has been supporting terrorism and extremism—whether in London on 7/7 or in Afghanistan or Iraq.† The report called for the dismantling of the ISI. In July 2008, the Pakistani government attempted to bring the ISI under civilian rule. The decision was reversed within hours, thus underscoring the power of the ISI and the weakness of the civilian government. On paper (according to the Pakistani Constitution), the ISI is answerable to the prime minister. In reality, the ISI is officially and effectively a branch of the Pakistani military, itself a semi-autonomous institution that has either overthrown Pakistan’s civilian leadership or ruled over the country for most of its independence since 1947. Located in Islamabad, the ISI boasts a staff of tens of thousands, much of it army officers and enlisted men, but its reach is much more vast. It exercises that reach through retired ISI agents, plus militants under its influence or patronage. These include the Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan and several extremist groups in Kashmir, a province Pakistan and India have been disputing for decades. The ISI’s Complicity With al-Qaeda As described in Steve Colls history of the CIA and al-Qaeda in Afghanistan since 1979: By the fall of 1998, CIA and other American intelligence reporting had documented many links between ISI, the Taliban, bin Laden and other Islamic militants operating from Afghanistan. Classified American reporting showed that Pakistani intelligence maintained about eight stations inside Afghanistan, staffed by active ISI officers or retired officers on contract. CIA reporting showed that Pakistani intelligence officers at about the colonel level met with bin Laden or his representatives to coordinate access to training camps for volunteer fighters headed for Kashmir. Pakistan’s Overriding Interests in South Asia This pattern reflects Pakistan’s late-90s agenda⠁  Ã¢â‚¬â€which has changed little since⠁  Ã¢â‚¬â€to bleed India in Kashmir and ensure Pakistani influence in Afghanistan, where Iran and India also compete for clout, power, and authority. These controlling factors explain Pakistan’s shifty relationship with the Taliban, bombing in one place while propping it up in another. Should U.S. and NATO forces withdraw from Afghanistan (just as American aid ended after the Soviet withdrawal from that country in 1988), Pakistan wants a controlling hand there. Supporting the Taliban is Pakistan’s insurance policy against repeating the situation left behind after American withdrawal at the end of the cold war. As told by Bhutto in 2007, during one of her last interviews: Today, its not just the intelligence services, who were previously called a state within a state. Today its the militants who are becoming yet another little state within the state, and this is leading some people to say that Pakistan is on the slippery slope of being called a failed state. But this is a crisis for Pakistan, that unless we deal with the extremists and the terrorists, our entire state could founder. Pakistan’s successive governments, in large part through the ISI, created the now seemingly out-of-control conditions that prevail in Pakistan and enable the Taliban, al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS), and other militant groups to call the northwestern part of the country their sanctuary. Resources and Further Reading Coll, Steve. Ghost Wars: the Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin, 2005.Hussain, Yasir. The Assassination of Benazir Bhutto. Epitome, 2008.â€Å"Key Quotes from the Document.† Newsnight, BBC, 28 Sept. 2006.Rashid, Ahmed. Descent into Chaos: The U.S. and the Failure of Nation Building in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. Penguin, 2009.

Human Trafficking And The United States Essay - 1984 Words

There should be stronger enforcement of the human trafficking policies in the United States. Human trafficking is modern day slavery that consists of men, women, children being forced into sex or labor work. Some think that human trafficking policies shouldn’t be enforced because it brings in money and sometimes the victims choose to be in the business. Human trafficking victims suffer from many health deficits as the result of being trafficked and the cost to help pay for these health deficits are expensive. The trafficking of humans is a huge human rights violation and it needs to be stopped. Human trafficking is modern day slavery and if it was wrong in 1865 when congress passed the 13th amendment, than it is wrong now. The definition of human trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of sex and labor. There are two major types of trafficking. The first being sex trafficking, is the recruiting, harboring, transporting, or taking of a person for commercial sex that is induced by force. Labor trafficking being the other, is the recruiting, harboring, transporting, or taking of a person for labor or services. This is done through the use of force for involuntary servitude or slavery. Data collected from The National Human Trafficking Resource Center concludes that victims of trafficking have come from 38 different countries. Some of these include the U.S. itself, Mexico, the Philippines, and China. In almost half of the cases, the origin of the victim was unknownShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking And The United States1066 Words   |  5 PagesHuman trafficking has always been a though subject. Most Americans prefer to believe that this is a problem of the past, that it simply does not occur anymore. Others accept the fact that human trafficking exist, but in a far away reality, an incident homed only in poor, third world countries. This couldn’t be farther away from the truth. Human trafficking is a real and current problem in the United States, California being a hotspot for this issue, and with the Super Bowl in 2016 the problem willRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The United States1417 Words   |  6 PagesEach year about 17,500 individuals are brought i nto the United States and become victims of human trafficking. Every country has this problem and it has become the 3rd largest illegal industry worldwide. Human Trafficking is the trade of humans mainly for sexual slavery, but also forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker and sometimes others who take part in this act. Human trafficking is also used for organs or tissues, including surrogacy, ova removal, or making theseRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The United States962 Words   |  4 Pagestakes for cases to be prosecuted and to gain protections is very extensive. Intensifying the existing laws to better defend human trafficking victims is critical.The United States Government, in 2000, certified the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act. This act helps prosecute traffickers and support victims. Since then the number of recognized victims of trafficking has risen as well as trials and social service providers working with survivors. Because of this it gives researchers anRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The United States Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesLooking the other way while close to 50% of the human trafficking in the United States end up in prostitution, what is going on in these states. The over sexed country does not help to stop it when we constantly promote sex in almost every aspect of life. People are losing their life to find a way to get to the United States through different forms of smuggling. Are these the people that we should be letting get in this country? Right under our nose the women, girls are being coerced into prostitutionRead MoreHuman Trafficking : The United States1740 Words   |  7 PagesHUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE UNITED STATES: WHY SOME STATES HAVE MORE HUMAN TRAFFICKING CALLS THAN OTHERS INTRODUCTION Human trafficking is a growing endemic affecting an estimated 35.8 million men, women, and children around the world annually, as reported by the Global Slavery Index (GSI). The United States is not immune to this problem and has successfully identified 21,434 cases of human trafficking through the National Human Trafficking Resource Center Hotline since 2007. As with crimes of thisRead MoreHuman Trafficking : The United States1250 Words   |  5 Pagessomeone talks about child trafficking? Do you think of children from third world countries being kidnapped or sold into the black market of human trafficking? Most of us probably think of human trafficking as being an issue that poor countries just have but, that isn’t the case. Human trafficking is alive and sadly thriving in the United States. According to Trafficking Source Center, 5,544 cases of human trafficking were reported in the United States in 2015. With human trafficking being around for soRead MoreHuman Trafficki ng And The United States Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesFACT SHEET Human trafficking in the United States Human trafficking, also known as trafficking in persons or modern day slavery, is an affront to the most basic of human freedoms. Human trafficking is a crime that strikes at the very heart of the American promise: freedom. In response to this abhorrent crime, government agencies and nongovernmental organizations have formed strong and growing partnerships aimed at ending this violation of fundamental civil rights and human dignity. 1. WhatRead MoreHuman Trafficking in the United States1603 Words   |  6 Pagesother countries to people in the United States. Imports and exports to and from the U.S include products as wide ranged as food, clothes, and even people. Human trafficking is a worldwide problem, including the United States. Currently, there are approximately 20.9 million people enslaved throughout the world with 2.5 million located in the United States. About 14,500 - 17,500 of foreign nationals are trafficked into the United States every year (Human trafficking statistics). These statistics showRead MoreHuman Trafficking in the United States2403 Words   |  10 PagesHuman Trafficking The United States has always been known for sticking their nose in places where it does not belong. America has been part of wars that could have been avoided, scandals that had nothing to do with the United States. Millions of lives over the years could have been spared if America would have just simply stayed where they belong. What if though, America feels like they have to get involved in forging affairs if they think it can cause or is causing a problem on American soil orRead MoreHuman Trafficking : The United States2136 Words   |  9 PagesHuman trafficking is a prominent problem within the United States that is often overlooked. The definition of human trafficking is, â€Å"Human trafficking - the illegal practice of procuring or trading in human beings for the purpose of prostitution, forced labor, or other forms of exploitation† (â€Å"Human trafficking†). People in the United States believe that human trafficking is a problem that occurs in other less dev eloped countries compared to the United States. What these individuals do not realize

Recruitment - Selection and Employee Performance

Question: Senerio ; the right people help businesses to flourish .making a wrong hire costs money ,it can be difficult and the time consuming and having the wrong on board can disrupt the status quo for the other employee (CIPD,2014) therefore the manager need to be aware of the various recruitment methods that are appropriate for their business in addition to this managers needs to be aware of the factors that influence employee performanceAs an HR Consultant ,you are asked to write a report to owners /managers of growing businesses with about 50 -60 employee (small to medium enterprises SMEs)(1)Define the terms recruitment and selection and employee performance your definition should include relevant theoretical references.(2) Critically discuss the appropriateness of using internal and external methods when recruiting staff.(3) Identify and analyse the way in which the following TWO FACTORS can influence employee performance the key factors are ;(a) Training and development(b) Communication (c) Reward distribution(d) Perceptions of fairness(e) Setting performance objectives(4) Conclusion and recommendation conclusion should include a summary of the key discussion. Answer: Introduction An organization is made of the employees who work in it. Though product, services and strategies play a pivotal role in an organizations development, the people who implement them are the crux. It is hence, not an exaggeration when one says that the progress of an organization is heavily dependent on the people who work for it. This simple truth has made Human Resource development a primal need in any organizations development. The HR team who work under this department are responsible for selection, recruitment and growth on the employees. They are responsible to choose employees who can value the vision and mission of the organization and work with the organization to achieve their professional goals and organizational goals. Recruitment can be defined as the process of attracting potential candidates by announcing vacancies through various media and simulating them to apply for the same (Breaugh, 2014). Selection on the other hand can be termed as picking the right employees for the list of applicants or weeding out of unsuitable candidates (Hensvik, 2013). However, an employee selected my look as the right candidate on paper but may not be good in the actual working setup. Or there are situations when employees goals are not in line with the organizational goals. To avoid such cases employee performance is evaluated every cycle. Employee performance can be defined as a system that has inputs such as the employee knowledge and competencies, throughputs such as work behavior and work effort and outputs that is expected from the employee (Shields, 2015). Recruiting methods Say a senior position in a company as become vacant. This post has to be filled up by selecting the appropriate candidate for the post. In such cases, the HR department can take up two approaches. The first is to announce the vacancy within the organization, while the second is to announce the same outside the organization. In simple terms these methods are called as internal recruitment and external recruitment respectively (Williams, 2013). Internal Recruitment Internal recruitment is the process of looking within the organization to find the appropriate employee who can take up the responsibility of the vacant position. This method is usually used when there are considerable number of the employees below the vacant position. There are several ways the same can happen (DeVaro, 2013). Methods Promotion: This is the most common way of filling up a senior position in any company. All the employees under this position are filtered using certain norms such the experience, knowledge, relevance to the position, leadership skills, so on and the appropriate candidate is selected. This is the most awaited need of an employee as a promotion means that the efforts of the employees are being recognized. The common issue with promotions is that the chances of office politics is high. In some cases the chances of envy and jealousy may be high when too many people are eligible for the same position. The promotion process has to be performed in an unbiased and clear manner to make sure that the right candidate is selected. Transfer: One other way to fill up a position is by transferring an employee in the same position as the vacant one from a different department or project to the current available position. Say a project has two project managers. The HR can decide to scale down the number of project managers and move them to new projects instead of recruiting new managers. Though this method is efficient the person being transferred may not have sufficient knowledge in the new work area (Ye, 2016). Need base selection: In this method the organization would announce the vacancy to all the employees through email flashes, bulletin boards, fliers etc., with a minimum qualification clause. All the employee who fulfill the minimum qualification can apply for the vacancy and the appropriate one would be selected. This is one of the best method of selection as all the employees are given equal opportunity Advantages The cost of recruitment is very low The time required for recruitment is low People are already familiar with the business model and the processes in the organization Little or no training is required Recognizes employees efforts and hence is a motivating factor Minimum background checks Disadvantages High chances of politics Dissatisfied employees may resign Chances of getting new innovative ideas into the organization is zeroed. In case of promotions, the candidate selected may not be eligible External Recruitment This process of recruitment opens the doors of the organization to invite new innovative talent into the company. Many organizations use this form of recruitment as it provides a wider base of eligible candidates and is majorly used for higher positions in the organization (Hesselgreaves, 2016) Methods Advertisement: This is the most common form of recruitment. Vacancies are announced social media, recruitment sites, newspapers, bill boards and so on inviting candidates who fulfill minimum qualification. This attracts huge number of candidates and would take a longer period of time. The selection process would contain several levels to eliminate unsuitable candidates References: In this method, the employees working for the organization can recommend candidates for the position. Since the employee is aware of the work environment and the candidate, the chances of getting suitable to candidates is high. However, appropriate references may not be received for challenging positions (Ã…Å ¡lusarczyk, 2014). Campus Recruitment: Majorly followed in case of lower position recruitment. In this method the organization would provide employment offers to student from various universities and colleges. The candidates would have no experience, however, highly motivated and enthusiastic candidates can be selected. Third party recruitment: In cases of positions where the need to understand the organization is not high, third party vendors can be used. Head hunters on the other hand are used to select candidates with specific traits. In both cases, the candidate may not be in line with the organizations vision (Fox, 2015) Advantages Larger pool of candidates is available for recruitment An outsider would have a new perspective of work and hence bring in new ideas Previous experience can be integrated and used for the growth of the organization (Yuan, 2012) Branding of the company increases Disadvantages Time consuming High Cost Candidates may not be able to adopt to the work culture Existing employees of the organization may resist change and hence may not co-operate (Jamil, 2013) Demoralizes existing employees Getting the right profile can be challenging Factors that influence Employee Performance Recruitment and selection are only the starting steps of human resource. It is not necessary that every candidate selected fits perfectly in the organization. No matter what the method of recruitment is, the actually performance of the candidate on field can vary drastically to what is seen in the recruitment process. To ensure that candidates work at their maximum potential and work for the growth of the organization, employee performance evaluation is key. However, before evaluating an employee it is crucial for the organization to make sure that the employee is being provided with all the key inputs required to perform well (Bakker, 2012). Below mention are such two factors that highly influence the performance of an employee Training and Development Learning is a continuous process. Especially in a business that changes continuously adapting new and innovative methods. Any employee that joined an organization would want to make sure that his professional development is ensured. No one would work for somebody who is self-centered. These two key points makes training and development an important factor in an employees performance. Training and development is the means to learn new methods and technologies, there by developing the knowledge base and skills of an employee which are then used in the work being done by the employee. This method is one way that effects the growth of the employee as well as the organization (Salas, 2012). Almost all major organizations around the world have a training and development wing the work to ensure that the employees of the organization gain all the tools required to perform a job. The need to have an employee base with updated skill set will allow the organization provide best services to its clients. There are several Training and development method adopted in any organization. Classroom sessions may be conducted to help employees learn a new technology (Torraco, 2013). E-Libraries, providing journal articles etc., and working in focus groups may also be adopted. Some organizations conduct seminars inviting SME to speak on a particular topic or workshops are conducted for the same. The most common method is on job training, where one can shadow and learn on the field. Training and development ensures that the employees learn more and develop skills and enhance their knowledge base, thereby ensuring a sense of job satisfaction and professional development which would in turn effect employee performance positively. Setting Performance Objectives Working without an objective would be like riding a bike blind folded. Say one is asked to run a race and a goal has not been given, how long would one run? It can be frustrating in working in such environments. And if one is evaluated based on a parameter they dint know, no one would not be satisfied with the evaluation. Performance objectives can hence be defined as a list of things to finish within certain set limits and the final work is evaluated on set parameters. Performance objectives help in setting the tone for the entire period of work. It helps an employee understand what is expected of them, the time frame within which the expectations are to be fulfilled and how these expectations are evaluated. Many firms engage the employees in a one-on-one session with the person evaluating the employee. The evaluators are usually managers with whom the employees would have to work (Certo, 2015). At the beginning of a work cycle the evaluator and the employee discuss on what needs to be done by the employee. A mutually agreed set of objectives are drawn for the employee to fulfill. These objectives act as guide to the employee helping him align his work. The employee himself would be able to evaluate how well he has performed. This would be a motivating factor in helping him work harder. The employee need not guess what is expected of him but would rather be able to a focus on the set objectives (Bernardin, 2013). Performance objectives set perspective of an employee and provide their managers with a guideline of what to expect from the employee there by making evaluation of an employees performance easier Conclusion Every organization is made up of employee. It is the people that work for an organization who determine how the organizations various aspects would be implemented. Hence it is crucial for the organization to select the right set of candidates who are not only skilled but also are in line with the organizations values, goals, mission and vision. To ensure that the right candidates are selected, human resource department perform recruitment and selection process where vacancies are announced and the right set of candidates from the available pool are selected. Post recruitment the performance of every employee would have to be evaluated to make sure that the productivity is high. Before evaluation it is important that the organization provides all the factors that are needed for an employee to perform well. Two such factors are training and development helping the employee to grow professionally and setting performance objectives that make sure that the employee knows what needs to be done. Though seen as simple factors both the above can be highly motivating thereby helping both the employee and the organization progress References Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E. and Lieke, L., 2012. Work engagement, performance, and active learning: The role of conscientiousness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), pp.555-564. Bernardin, H.J. and Wiatrowski, M., 2013. Performance appraisal. Psychology and Policing, 257. Breaugh, J., 2014, July. Employee recruitment. In Meeting the Challenge of Human Resource Management: A Communication Perspective (p. 29). Routledge. Certo, S., 2015. Supervision: Concepts and skill-building. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. DeVaro, J. and Morita, H., 2013. Internal promotion and external recruitment: a theoretical and empirical analysis. Journal of Labor Economics, 31(2), pp.227-269. Fox, S., 2015. An examination into the importance of recruitment and selection in a business; should it be considered an internal HR function or outsourced to a specialist? (Doctoral dissertation, Dublin, National College of Ireland). Hensvik, L. and Skans, O.N., 2013. Social networks, employee selection and labor market outcomes: Toward an empirical analysis. Journal of Labor Economics, forthcoming. Hesselgreaves, H., Wood, B., Carter, M., Gibbins, C. and Illing, J., 2016. Factors affecting recruitment to higher specialty training: a questionnaire study. Future Hospital Journal, 3(Suppl 2), pp.s42-s42. Jamil, R. and Naeem, H., 2013. The impact of outsourcing external recruitment process on the employee commitment and loyalty: empirical evidence from the telecommunication sector of Pakistan. Journal of Business and Management, 8(2), pp.68-75. Salas, E., Tannenbaum, S.I., Kraiger, K. and Smith-Jentsch, K.A., 2012. The science of training and development in organizations: What matters in practice. Psychological science in the public interest, 13(2), pp.74-101. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., Johns, R., Robinson, J., O'Leary, P. and Plimmer, G., 2015. Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Ã…Å ¡lusarczyk, B. and Golnik, R., 2014. The recruitment process in transnational corporations. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 10. Torraco, R.J., 2016. Early history of the fields of practice of training and development and organization development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, p.1523422316659898. Williams, T., 2013. Internal Versus External Recruitment-Which is Best?. Ye, M., de Salas, K. and Ollington, N., 2016. Internal versus external recruitment the story of three consecutive project managers in an IT project. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.00878. Yuan, Y.K.T., 2012. Internal Promotion or External Recruitment: The President Recruitment Model in Top Asian Universitie [J]. Tsinghua Journal of Education, 1, p.008.

Langston Hughes Research Paper Essay Example

Langston Hughes Research Paper Paper When one looks at the life of Langston Hughes, it becomes apparent that his life experiences had a profound impact on his writings. Langston Hughes used his writing as a way to fight the injustice that blacks in America faced daily; he viewed his book as his weapon for African American equality (Ostrom 81). Others, who read Hughes’ work during his lifetime, were very much influenced, despite their race. Non-blacks learned to accept and learn that African American artists were an essential part of American art and culture and would continue to be as time advanced. With his career in writing, Hughes was not interested in the fame it brought; he just wanted others to understand the message he was trying to send, â€Å"Perhaps the mission of an artist is to interpret the beauty to the people-the beauty within themselves† (Dace 70). Langston Hughes did not often focus on the brutality of American racism as a theme for his poems. A rare instance of the brutality used as a theme for a poem of his is shown in Hughes’ poem entitled, â€Å"Song for a Dark Girl.† Hughes writes: â€Å"Way Down South in Dixie (Break the heart if me) They hung my dark young lover To a cross roads tree. Way Down South in Dixie (Bruised body high in the air) I asked the white Lord Jesus What was the use of prayer. Way Down South in Dixie (Break the heart of me) Love is a naked shadow On a gnarled and naked tree.† (Barksdale 77) The poem is written entirely in the tone of bitter irony. The poem’s focus is on violence towards a young black woman, and also on the grief she experiences (Dace 73). We will write a custom essay sample on Langston Hughes Research Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Langston Hughes Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Langston Hughes Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another social issue which became an essential theme in the writing of Langston Hughes was economic justice. Hughes became interested in the subject during the Great Depression of America during the 1930’s. Hughes often traveled extensively due to his participation in complicated, annual lecture tours, because of this he often gained knowledge and related and compared black lifestyles and treatment in America to that of other society’s treatment of blacks. After visiting Russia for three weeks, having the mindset that socialism would end the issue of economic injustice, Hughes changed his mind. He saw that people were not equal and the government did not do their part to help improve that (). While visiting France and seeing that the French society as a whole treated him very well and as their equal, Hughes imagined having this sort of freedom and luxury at home in America. Although Hughes did not often focus on the theme of racism in his poetry, he did usually focus on the comparison of whites and blacks. Hughes constantly remained well informed about everything to come and everything taking place in the black society of America (Dace 77). Hughes had many influences to his poetry writing, including Walt Whitman and Carl Sandburg, these two men wrote about the humanity of all people regardless of factors such as class, race, gender, and age, this was very important to Hughes. Hughes’ very first collection of poetry, entitled The Ways of White Folks, shows his effort to present a clear and distinct gap between white and African American ways and views of life. It also focuses on the obvious hypocrisy of whites in matters dealing with race. In all of Hughes’ writing dealing with the matter of differences between races, Hughes uses a distinctly ironic and unsentimental tone. Steven C, Tracy, writes on Langston Hughes, â€Å"The acceptance that Hughes sought was not only for himself but the black oral tradition†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Barksdale 116). As an African American himself, Hughes wanted to express not only his personal experiences as a black American but also that of the experiences of the community of blacks in general. Hughes, however, was not entirely considered a part of the people for whom he wrote about and loved so much. Due to Hughes’ â€Å"mixed blood† and the fact that he was a lighter skinned African American, with an arrogant family who chose to move in white crowds, attend white schools, and with a father who looked down upon the lower black class, Hughes was viewed by American blacks as an outsider (Dace 86). Despite all of that, Hughes was proud to be an African America, he loved Africa, his land of ancestry and was extremely devastated to find that, in Africa, he was considered to be a white man. Hughes’ first commitment in his writing was to that of the African American community and that his writing reaches out to all readers. He wanted to capture the dominant traditions of black people in written form. Hughes’ purpose may have been achieved, as today his book of poetry, The Crisis (1921), can be considered the most important journal of black life (Dace 90). In his writing, Hughes celebrates the beauty of African American speech, and the black community’s jokes, stories, music, and church sermons. One community Hughes never tired of writing about was that of the black community on Seventh Street in Washington D.C., he loved the sights, sounds, and spirits of the people here and he tried to capture all of it in his poetry. With his writing, Hughes helped lift the spirits of blacks and make them proud of their culture’s history and heritage (Dace 101). To be black and American were two highly separate identities in the eyes of Langston Hughes; they were two despairs within the same soul. In Hughes’ early poems on segregation, such as â€Å"I, Too, Sing America† Hughes focuses in on the difficulties of being black, but shows that he is also proud: â€Å"I, too, sing America. I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh And eat well, And grow strong. Tomorrow, I’ll be at the table When company comes. Nobody’ll dare Say to me, ‘Eat in the kitchen,’ Then. Besides, They’ll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed– I, too, am America.† (Dace 103) Hughes was very passionate about the mistreatment of blacks in the south, the fact that blacks had to move off of the sidewalks for whites to pass, and there was no eye contact allowed to those of black to whites, greatly angered and disturbed him, driving him to write more poems about the mistreatment of him and his people. His later poems dealing with equality, although still somewhat pessimistic, suggested that idea that at some point in the future, the lifestyle of African Americans would be bright (Dace 125).Langston Hughes is greatly known for his writing on the Harlem Renaissance, an era of celebration for African Americans and their arts. Hughes viewed Harlem as more than a place; he was interested in its people and everything about them, from their manners to their dreams. He used the people and things in Harlem in much of his writing, from murder in the streets of Harlem to the gospels sung in church on Sunday mornings. The Harlem Renaissance allowed Hughes the freedom to focus on exclusively blacks and their lifestyle and to leave the issue of the conflict of races alone (Barksdale 123). Langston Hughes is a great figure in the history of African Americans, and in the history of our country as a whole. His ideas and unique methods of writing have developed into great techniques for many other artists and are still used today. Hughes was never afraid to write on topics close to him and did this with great pride and ability. He dealt with his emotions, the issues of his race’s past, and critical social issues taking place during his lifetime. He has earned a lot of respect not only for himself through his writing, but also for his culture of people as a whole.

Overview of Hawk Bells

Overview of Hawk Bells A hawk bell (also called hawking or hawks bell) is a small round object made of sheet brass or copper, originally used as part of falconry equipment in medieval Europe. Hawk bells were also brought to the American continents by early European explorers and colonizers in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries as potential trade goods. When they are found in Mississippian contexts in the southern United States, hawk bells are considered evidence for direct or indirect Mississippian contact with early European expeditions such as those by Hernando de Soto, Pnfilo de Navez, or others. Bells and Medieval Falconry The original use of hawk bells was, of course, in falconry. Hawking, the use of trained raptors to capture wild game, is an elite sport that was established throughout Europe no later than AD 500. The primary raptor used in hawking was peregrine and gyrfalcon, but they were only owned by the highest ranked individuals. The lower nobility and wealthier commoners practiced falconry with the goshawk and sparrow hawk. Hawking bells were part of the equipment of the medieval falconer, and they were attached in pairs to one of the birds legs by a short leather leash, called a bewit. Other hawking paraphernalia included leather leads called jesses, lures, hoods and gloves. The bells are necessarily made of light material, weighing no more than seven grams (1/4 ounce). Hawk bells found on archaeological sites are larger, although no more than 3.2 centimeters (1.3 inches) in diameter. Historical Evidence Spanish historical records dated to the 16th century describe the use of hawking bells (in Spanish: cascabeles grandes de bronce or large brass hawking bells) as trade items, along with iron knives and scissors, mirrors, and glass beads as well as clothing, maize and cassava. Although bells are not specifically mentioned in the de Soto chronicles, they were distributed as trade goods by several different Spanish explorers, including Pnfilo de Navez, who gave bells to Dulchanchellin, a Mississippian chief in Florida, in 1528; and Pedro Menà ©ndez de Aviles, who in 1566 presented Calusa headmen with bells among other objects. Because of this, in the southern half of what is today the United States, hawk bells are often cited as evidence of the Pnfilo de Navez and Hernando de Soto expeditions of the mid-16th century. Types of Bells Two types of hawk bells have been identified within the American continents: the Clarksdale bell (generally dated to the 16th century) and the Flushloop bell (generally dated to the 17th-19th centuries), both named by American archaeologists, rather than the original manufacturer. The Clarksdale bell (named after the Clarksdale Mound in Mississippi where the type bell was found) is made up of two undecorated copper or brass hemispheres crimped together and secured by a square flange around the midsection. At the base of the bell are two holes connected by a narrow slit. The wide loop (often 5 cm [~2 in] or better) at the top is secured by pushing the ends through a hole in the upper hemisphere and soldering the separate ends to the interior of the bell. The Flushloop bell has a thin strip of brass for an attachment loop, which was secured by pushing the ends of the of the loop through a hole in the bell and separating them. The two hemispheres were soldered rather than crimped together, leaving little or no surficial flange. Many specimens of the Flushloop bell have two decorative grooves encircling each hemisphere. Dating the Hawk Bell In general, Clarksdale type bells are the rarer form  and tend to be discovered in earlier contexts. Most date to the 16th century, although there are exceptions. Flushloop bells are generally dated in the 17th century or later, with the majority dated 18th and 19th century. Ian Brown has argued that Flushloop bells are of English and French manufacture, while the Spanish are the source of the Clarksdale. Clarksdale bells have been found in many historic Mississippian sites throughout the southern United States, such as Seven Springs (Alabama), Little Egypt and Poarch Farm (Georgia), Dunns Creek (Florida), Clarksdale (Mississippi), Toqua (Tennessee); as well as at Nueva Cadiz in Venezuela.   Sources Boyd CC, Jr., and Schroedl GF. 1987. In Search of Coosa. American Antiquity 52(4):840-844. Brown IW. 1979. Bells. In: Brain JP, editor. Tunica Treasure. Cambridge: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard Univesity. p 197-205. Mitchem JM, and McEwan BG. 1988. New data on early bells from Florida. Southeastern Archaeology 7(1):39-49. Prummel W. 1997. Evidence of hawking (falconry) from bird and mammal bones. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7(4):333-338. Sears WH. 1955. Creek and Cherokee Culture in the 18th Century. American Antiquity 21(2):143-149. Thibodeau AM, Chesley JT, and Ruiz J. 2012. Lead isotope analysis as a new method for identifying material culture belonging to the Vzquez de Coronado expedition. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(1):58-66.

Writing Your AMCAS Personal Statement

Writing Your AMCAS Personal Statement Writing an AMCAS personal statement for medical school is tricky. While your essay has to convey a message of professionalism and attention to detail, it must also be entertaining and informative. As someone who knows quite a bit about writing AMCAS essays, allow me to offer the following information. The American Medical College Application service helps thousands of students apply to hundreds of colleges all over the world. Most medical school directors use the AMCAS application (as opposed to their own) in order to make things easier on their staff as well as the students. Whats terrific about the AMCAS personal essay is that the same one is sent to every college applied. In other words, applicants dont have to write a separate personal essay for every school in which theyre interested. That which makes the AMCAS process easier, however, also makes it more difficult. Since all the med schools are aware that their AMCAS applicants only have to write one essay, they are counting on those essays to be stellar. That is why I encourage all AMCAS applicants to take their time with the essay section. Write several drafts, if necessary, and hire a professional editor to help you with the final revision. The AMCAS application process is tough, thats for sure. Fortunately, there are many professional editing companies that can help. For assistance in finding an editor to proof your AMCAS personal statement, or if you need help writing your secondary essays and/or residency program personal statement, please access the link provided.

Walt Disney Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Walt Disney - Assignment Example The vision of Disney was to become the leading laboratory for media convergence and the alliance could facilitate Disney to achieve this vision by adopting the strategies which Jobs had adopted at Apple and Pixar such as boundary-busting energy and industry-shaking. Moreover, Disney is a nimble company and accepts innovative ideas however; still the company’s stock was about at the same level as it was decade ago. Therefore, alliance may influence the strategies of Disney more effective and it may help the company to make its future vision more realistic. How and to what extent is Disney’s new product planning initiatives likely to benefit from Job’s successes at Apple Computer? Jobs mentioned that he was lucky to have grown up with the industry and it actually helped to get successful at Apple and Pixar. Jobs’ successes at Apple Computer made the people to consider Jobs best at launching new products. The entrepreneurial zeal, industry knowledge, sheer ch arisma and intensity of Jobs can help Disney to pursue its new product planning initiatives more effectively. The secret weapon of Jobs to meld technical vision with a gut feel for what regular consumers want and then market in ways that make people want to be part of it, can help Disney to develop the new products which people want in digital media world.

Public health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Public health - Essay Example It would monitor continuously by setting measurable goals at all levels of national, state and local bodies. Its mission is also to incorporate the help of various government and non-government agencies for inputs to improve its policies and practices. It would also encourage research and data collection to improve and innovate healthcare deliverables. Healthy People 2010 had mainly focused on eliminating disparities in healthcare delivery and improvement of health of all its citizens irrespective of race, class, culture and color. Vulnerable segment had become vital area of focus. The program’s major objective was to increase quality of life along with increased life expectancy. The risk reductions and creating awareness for preventive measures was critical aspect of the program. It was also a collaborative effort with focus on research and development in the area. Healthy People 2020, on the other hand, emphasizes elimination of disparities in healthcare deliverable by improving social and physical environment and promote equity and health for all people. Promoting healthy behavior and lifestyle changes are important aspects of the program that are thought to be critical ingredient for improving quality of life in old age. (words:

Conscription Crisis Canada 1942 Essay Example for Free

Conscription Crisis Canada 1942 Essay Despite King’s promise, in 1940 the government passed the National Resources Mobilization Act, a law that authorized limited conscription of Canadian men. From 1940 to June 1941 when Hitler invaded USSR, Canada was Britain’s most important ally. This was a time of crisis; the Nazis were in control of Europe and were steadily expanding their power and influence. Pressure mounted on Prime Minister King to increase Canada’s contribution to Britain, including soldiers. Supporter to conscription pointed out that Britain had the draft and the Canada should follow its example. But king believed that he had kept there would be no conscription for overseas service. In 1942 he decides to hold a plebiscite that would ask votes directly, heather they would permit king to break his earlier promise. On April 27, 1942, the plebiscite was held. When the votes were counted King’s worst fears were realized- English and French Canadians were clearly split on the issue. English Canada voted to release King and bring in overseas conscription. In August and September of 1944, Canadian troops were fighting fierce battle in Europe and losses were a heavy. Army commander overseas believed they needed 15 000 new troops to maintain Canada’s ability fight the Nazis. On November 13, 1944, while meeting with his Cabinet, King made an announcement that shocked everyone. He reminded Ralston that he had submitted his resignation two years earlier and that he now accepted it. McNaughton was now the new minister of defense! King had once again escaped the trap of overseas conscription. English Canadians regarded these men as cowards and referred to them as â€Å"zombies† or â€Å"the walking dead† . Again King was pressured to introduce conscription and again he came up with a solution. Limited overseas conscription of 16 000 of the â€Å"zombies† took place immediately- there would be conscription of men who had not already been trained as soldiers. Louis St. went along with King’s decision and the feared Quebec riots did not materialize. Some of the â€Å"zombies† deserted but most of those who were sent overseas fought bravely and brought honor to their country.

The Self-hatred of Kochan in Confessions of a Mask Essay -- Confession

The Self-hatred of Kochan in Confessions of a Mask In his semi-autobiographical novel, Confessions of a Mask, Yukio Mishima examines the struggle for acceptance by a man living outside of the socially accepted norms. A motif that strongly pervades this novel is death and the images of blood associated with it. Kochan, a Japanese adolescent living in post-war Japan, struggles with his homosexuality and his desire to be "normal." In order to survive, he must hide behind a mask of propriety. At a young age, Kochan shows signs of being attracted to male beauty. His earliest memory is of a young night-soil man "with handsome ruddy cheeks and shining eyes" (8). Initially, his attraction to men is confused with a desire to be like them. Referring to the young night-soil man, Kochan remembers thinking, "I want to change into him. I want to be him" (9). However, as his life continues to take its course, he slowly realizes that his admiration for other men is actually love. When he first begins to appreciate male beauty, he develops an affinity for blood and death. This association may ...

I am Sam Movie Review

How does Jessie Nelson use a range of film techniques to portray the conflicting ideas of competence in parenthood in relation with disabled parents in the movie ‘I am Sam’? Jessie Nelson’s ‘I am Sam’ directed in 2001 tells a story of a mentally-challenged man, Sam Dawson, and his relentless fight with the legal system for custody of his daughter, Lucy Diamond Dawson. Nelson forces the audience to question Sam’s capabilities and limits of being a ‘good parent’ through symbolism, characterization, use of camera and editing techniques. Social security services bring their attention to Sam and Lucy as her 8th birthday approaches.They are doubtful that Sam will be able to provide Lucy with the education and resources she deserves to reach her full potential as she slowly surpasses her father’s intellectual capabilities with the mentality of a 7-year-old. ‘All you need is love’ is the central quote of what the filmâ €™s message is built upon. Nelson’s use of a contradictory contrast between the two main characters sparks a conflict about what defines a good parent that challenges the viewer to ask themselves if love is enough. Sam is a very simple man. He is unexpectedly the dormant character in the film.Sam’s happiness solely relies on the happiness and security of his daughter Lucy alongside the support of his also mentally challenged close friends. On the other hand, Rita Harris who is Sam Dawson’s pro-bono lawyer, is materialistic who measures happiness by the items she has in her life as she uses her successful career to mask her dysfunctional, collapsing relationship with her young son and unfaithful husband. Startlingly, Rita is the active character who learns from Sam. Both characters are experience a loss of the relationship with their child but in completely opposing ways.To Sam, even though he is unable to pass down knowledge and support his daughter to an ac ademic level, he devotes his time for her whilst Rita is a direct contrast. In doing so, it creates tension as a battle of strength and the idea of perfection fluctuates between them. Nelson also uses editing techniques by creating different hues to portray Sam’s struggles with new experiences. Warm filters are used when Sam is with Lucy to symbolise the joy. However, cold blue shades are used in courtroom scenes, the hospital and supermarket scene.This was done for the purpose of displaying the uncomfortable environment for Sam as new experiences and change gives him fear. Children, particularly teenage girls, encounter great changes in the earlier stages of their life. In court, the question was put forth of how Sam would handle such situations such as puberty if he himself has no knowledge about the topic. In using this effect, it vividly illustrates to the viewer the struggles Sam will face in the years to come for Lucy, but are they challenges that any other ‘ordin ary’ father would struggle with as well is the question put forth for debate in the courtroom.Throughout the entire movie, hand-held cameras are used to film. Using this film technique gives a more documentary feel that enables the viewer to feel more part of the action. The audience views the film through the perspective of Sam Dawson and the use of hand-held cameras allows an emotional attachment to develop with Sam’s character as we witness his love and devotion to Lucy. Consequently, the viewer is manipulated to side with Sam’s viewpoint that he deserves custody of Lucy and has enough to offer her despite all the testimonies against Sam’s will.Along the film we are a bystander and observe the ongoing battle of beliefs of the needs of a child. Symbolism is an important film technique used that reflects the character’s emotions at certain points in the movie. The scene with Sam and Lucy on the swing towards the beginning of the movie incorporates white birds flying over their heads which signifies the freedom they had, their blissful smiles and shared laughter alongside the slow and peaceful music express their happiness with one another.The loss of freedom is a strong theme explored which is evident in the use of symbolism throughout. Paper cranes appear repeatedly as they represent happiness, good luck and peace- primarily seen during the beginning of the movie. The paper plane Sam subtly throws to Lucy before the final court hearing shows his carefree, child-like personality whilst foreshadowing the freedom to come for these two characters which informs the viewer Sam is not ready to give up.The joy they share with each other is put to test when we are questioned if love is really all you need to raise a child to their full potential. The butterfly origami Lucy presents to her class is a subtle representation of her growth and development as she describes the changes a caterpillar goes through. This mirrors the conflict raised because Lucy’s intellectual abilities will exceed her 7-year-old minded father.The disparity of the use of symbolism between growth and development in contrast to happiness and freedom forces the viewer to question which is of greater importance. Jessie Nelson’s use of film techniques have shaped I am Sam into a very powerful and emotional film despite its touching storyline. The emotional attachment between the audience and characters develops greatly that makes the viewer connect with Sam through camera and editing techniques, characterization whilst symbolism reflects the swaying values of happiness, freedom and intellectuality. I am Sam Movie Review How does Jessie Nelson use a range of film techniques to portray the conflicting ideas of competence in parenthood in relation with disabled parents in the movie ‘I am Sam’? Jessie Nelson’s ‘I am Sam’ directed in 2001 tells a story of a mentally-challenged man, Sam Dawson, and his relentless fight with the legal system for custody of his daughter, Lucy Diamond Dawson. Nelson forces the audience to question Sam’s capabilities and limits of being a ‘good parent’ through symbolism, characterization, use of camera and editing techniques. Social security services bring their attention to Sam and Lucy as her 8th birthday approaches.They are doubtful that Sam will be able to provide Lucy with the education and resources she deserves to reach her full potential as she slowly surpasses her father’s intellectual capabilities with the mentality of a 7-year-old. ‘All you need is love’ is the central quote of what the filmâ €™s message is built upon. Nelson’s use of a contradictory contrast between the two main characters sparks a conflict about what defines a good parent that challenges the viewer to ask themselves if love is enough. Sam is a very simple man. He is unexpectedly the dormant character in the film.Sam’s happiness solely relies on the happiness and security of his daughter Lucy alongside the support of his also mentally challenged close friends. On the other hand, Rita Harris who is Sam Dawson’s pro-bono lawyer, is materialistic who measures happiness by the items she has in her life as she uses her successful career to mask her dysfunctional, collapsing relationship with her young son and unfaithful husband. Startlingly, Rita is the active character who learns from Sam. Both characters are experience a loss of the relationship with their child but in completely opposing ways.To Sam, even though he is unable to pass down knowledge and support his daughter to an ac ademic level, he devotes his time for her whilst Rita is a direct contrast. In doing so, it creates tension as a battle of strength and the idea of perfection fluctuates between them. Nelson also uses editing techniques by creating different hues to portray Sam’s struggles with new experiences. Warm filters are used when Sam is with Lucy to symbolise the joy. However, cold blue shades are used in courtroom scenes, the hospital and supermarket scene.This was done for the purpose of displaying the uncomfortable environment for Sam as new experiences and change gives him fear. Children, particularly teenage girls, encounter great changes in the earlier stages of their life. In court, the question was put forth of how Sam would handle such situations such as puberty if he himself has no knowledge about the topic. In using this effect, it vividly illustrates to the viewer the struggles Sam will face in the years to come for Lucy, but are they challenges that any other ‘ordin ary’ father would struggle with as well is the question put forth for debate in the courtroom.Throughout the entire movie, hand-held cameras are used to film. Using this film technique gives a more documentary feel that enables the viewer to feel more part of the action. The audience views the film through the perspective of Sam Dawson and the use of hand-held cameras allows an emotional attachment to develop with Sam’s character as we witness his love and devotion to Lucy. Consequently, the viewer is manipulated to side with Sam’s viewpoint that he deserves custody of Lucy and has enough to offer her despite all the testimonies against Sam’s will.Along the film we are a bystander and observe the ongoing battle of beliefs of the needs of a child. Symbolism is an important film technique used that reflects the character’s emotions at certain points in the movie. The scene with Sam and Lucy on the swing towards the beginning of the movie incorporates white birds flying over their heads which signifies the freedom they had, their blissful smiles and shared laughter alongside the slow and peaceful music express their happiness with one another.The loss of freedom is a strong theme explored which is evident in the use of symbolism throughout. Paper cranes appear repeatedly as they represent happiness, good luck and peace- primarily seen during the beginning of the movie. The paper plane Sam subtly throws to Lucy before the final court hearing shows his carefree, child-like personality whilst foreshadowing the freedom to come for these two characters which informs the viewer Sam is not ready to give up.The joy they share with each other is put to test when we are questioned if love is really all you need to raise a child to their full potential. The butterfly origami Lucy presents to her class is a subtle representation of her growth and development as she describes the changes a caterpillar goes through. This mirrors the conflict raised because Lucy’s intellectual abilities will exceed her 7-year-old minded father.The disparity of the use of symbolism between growth and development in contrast to happiness and freedom forces the viewer to question which is of greater importance. Jessie Nelson’s use of film techniques have shaped I am Sam into a very powerful and emotional film despite its touching storyline. The emotional attachment between the audience and characters develops greatly that makes the viewer connect with Sam through camera and editing techniques, characterization whilst symbolism reflects the swaying values of happiness, freedom and intellectuality.

Impact of Employee Commitment On Employee performance Essay

Employee commitment permanently shows a vigorous part to expand the employees’ performance. Committed employees provide an immense input to organizations in standings of their performance. The study explored the effect of the employee’s commitment on employee’s performance. Data was collected through 200 questionnaires from the employees of banking, telecommunication and education sector from Lahore, Pakistan. For data analysis SPSS16 version was used. The outcomes display a positive and significant association between employee commitment and employee performance. Additionally, comparative analysis of the three dimensions of employee commitment (affective, continuous and normative commitment) shows a positive and significant impact of employee commitment on employee performance. The interpretations, limitations, implications and conclusions are also debated at the end of the study. KEY WORDS: Employee commitment (EC), Affective commitment (AC), Continuous commitment (CC), Normative commitment (NC), Employee Performance (EP). INTRODUCTION:  Employee commitment denotes to emotional affection of employees to the place of work. Now times it is compulsory for every organization to have complete level of its employee’s commitment. In this fashion organizations can have an exceptional performance on extended duration foundation. In the current age when employees work as a team and each team member attempts his greatest efforts to show himself at top among all. All such things rise the commitment level of the employees which as a consequence intensification the enactment of the employees. To get economical advantage every employee of the organization must be committed to the administrative purposes. Still the employee commitment is the utmost puzzling and researchable perception in the arenas of organization and executive behavior. In former times organizations offer job safety to expand the commitment level of the employees which pointers to the enhanced employee’s performance. Advanced level of the employee commitment at singular smooth and administrative level is the crucial element of the superior employee performance. Meyer and Allen’s (1991) established a three-component prototypical of organizational commitment. The three- component model was a inclusive and comprehensible theory for OC. The three-component model consists of: (a)Affective  commitment (AC) is the demonstrative supplement to one’s organization. (b)Continuous commitment (CC) is the affection founded on the addition of respected side risks (pension, skill transferability, rearrangement and self-investment) that differentiate with the organizational participation. (c)Normative commitment (NC) is the linking that is shaped on motivation to duplicate to communal customs about attachment. LITERATURE REVIEW: The article written by Whyte in 1956 in his book â€Å"The organization Man† gives the concept of commitment. Commitment originates when a person makes a side link and extraneous interests with a reliable and consistent activity. The person who remains for a long time with the organization shows his commitment towards the organization. Commitment helps to improve the individual as well as the performance of the organization as a whole. Commitment behavior is also explained by many other researchers(A.Yousef, 1998). Commitment explains the association of large number of systems as an overall link (AlexandraPanaccio & Vandenberghe, 2012). The enthusiasm of collective performers to offer their energy and devotion to social systems, the addition of personality systems to shared associations who are seen as self- sensitive(Ashar, Ghafoor, Munir, & Hafeez, 2013). commitment (1) contains somewhat of the conception of the affiliation; (2) it replicates the existing place of the individual; (3) it has a unusual forecaster probable, providing guesses regarding definite traits of performance , motivation to work, natural input and other correlated results; (4) it propose the distinctive importance of motivational factors(Ashraf, MehdiJaffri, Sharif, & Khan, 2012). To integrate and coordinate the individual and organization objectives, process of using commitment is beneficial(Ayodeji, Oyelere, Tunde, & Mariam, 2011).Commitment is â€Å"a situation in which an individual become bound by his activities and through these engagements to opinions that stand the activities of his own contribution(Chen, Silverthrone, & Hung, 2006).M ore committed employees request to dismiss from the organization at smallest level(Dixit & Bhati, 2012). Commitment is the comparative power of an individual’s empathy with and in a specific organization(Dost & Ahmad, 2011).Low commitment leads toward to extraordinary degree of turnover, however greater the level of job satisfaction and demands high level of organizational commitment which  promote to improved job performance(E.Becker, s.Billings, Eleleth, & L.Gilbert, 1996).Commitment is â€Å"an emotional state that fixes a person with the organization†(Fisher, Mcphail, & Menghetti, 2010). Commitment is a psychosomatic state that symbolizes the employee affiliation with the organization and has an inference on the conclusion to continue connection in the organization(Green, Mahyhew, & k&pack, 2000).Employee commitment diminutions the possibility of employee’s predisposition of departure the job(Khan, Ziauddin, Jam, & M.I.Rammy, 2010).Commitment as a prejudiced, affective attachment to the aims and principles of the organization, to one’s role in relative to goals and values and to the organization for its own benefit , separately from its virtuously contributory means(L.Sims & K.GalenKroeck, 1994).Employee commitment clues to extraordinary level of organizational performance and very small level of employee move from the organization(M.Steeres, 1977). The performance of committed teachers is highly different from those employees who are less committed(Macky & Boxball, 2007). Significant research has been done in the preceding to discover the methods to increase the employee performance e.g.; task performance contains activities which an employee executes to achieve responsibilities given to him by his controller or behavior linked which are the basic procedures of the happenings of the organization(P.Meyer, J.Stanely, & M.Parfyonova, 2012).Organizational performance can be sedate through three basic modules which are economic performance, merchandise market performance and return to the shareholders(Panaccio & Vandenberghe, 2012). Micro placement on method to job approaches and performance association is slightly confusing(Riketta, 2002).Organizational performance is an outcome of the employee understanding and commitment(Saleem, 2011).Developed level of employee commitment in the organizations for individual plans are to the business is supposed as a main intention for improved organizational performance that leads to the organizational success(Shahid & .m.Azhar, 2013).Reliability has been described as the best of the human state ,the better the human are committed to their undertaking will lead to their better performance(Vural, Vardarlier, & Aykir, 2012). Theoretical Framework: The correlation between employee commitment (independent variable) and  employee performance (dependent variable) is presented in the form of schematic diagram; the employee commitment is further divided into three dimension affective, continuous and normative commitment. (Independent Variable)(Dependent Variable) STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The most important interest of the study is to investigate the impact of employee commitment on employee performance and to find the relationship of affective, continuous and normative commitment with employee performance in telecom sector, banking sector and educational sector in city of Lahore (Pakistan). VARIABLES OF THE STUDY: The Variables under the study are Employee commitment as independent variable and employee performance as dependent variable. Commitment has been further divided into three dimension affective, continuous, and normative commitment. Employee commitment: According to Meyer &Allen (1990) commitment is defined as â€Å"the employee’s emotional state of responsibility to stay with the organization, feelings subsequent from the internalization of normative stress exercised on an individual earlier to or following entry†. Reyes (2001) has defined commitment as â€Å"a one-sided, affective attachment to the aims and values of the organization, to one’s role in relative to objectives and principles and to the organization for its own interest, distant from its virtuously influential value†. Employee Performance: According to Meyer& Allen (1990) employee performance has been well-defined as â€Å"the job performance is the work experience in standings of measure and excellence projected from each employee†. . Richard et.al (2009) said that â€Å"organizational performance can be restrained through three basic components which are economic performance, product market performance and reoccurrence to the shareholders. Dimensions of employee commitment: Meyer& Allen (1991) developed a three-component model of organizational  commitment which has been the foremost outline for organizational commitment. The three component model consists of: (A)Affective commitment: Numerous studies, define the affective commitment as a significant orientation of the employees towards the organization, some researchers designate affective approach as â€Å"the supplement of an individual’s set up of affectivity and reaction to the group. Affective commitment prevails to the goals and values and to the organization for its own interest. Porter and Mow day et.al (1979) designate affective approach as â€Å"the absolute strength of an individual’s empathy with the association in a certain organization†. (b)Continuous commitment: When the employees arrive into the organization they are guaranteed to commit with the organization because of the absence of substitute chances and responsiveness of the cost linked with departure the organization. Continuous commitment improves on the basis of two aspects: (1) quantity of stashes that individuals make in their existing organization (2) perceived lack of alternatives†. Continuous commitment is a â€Å"cognitive-continuance commitment as that which arises when there is a profit related with continued involvement and a cost accompanying with leaving†. Some researchers tell that the â€Å"continuous commitment can be sub-divided into high expense commitment (personal sacrifice linked with the departure) and low substitute commitment (restricted opportunities for other employment)†. (c)Normative commitment: Normative commitment develops on the basis of earlier experience for example family-based experience or cultural experience. March (1977) said that â€Å"the normative aspects develop as individual’s perception of their moral responsibility to remain with the exhaustive organization regardless of the status improvement or fulfillment the organization gives the individual over the year†. Normative commitment can be increased through the additional reimbursements given to the employee by the employer. Steven (1978) said that â€Å"an individual is keen to stay within the organization and donate to an organization to resemble with a individual custom†. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1. To explore the impact of employee’s commitment on employee performance; 2. To understand the impact of affective, continuous and normative commitment that they have positive and significant effect on employees’ performance; 3. To access some of the possible ways in which organizations can improve the performance of the employees; 4. To analyze that the employee commitment is a key factor towards employee performance; 5. To conclude that a better strategic vision to enable the organization both at the governmental and institutional level to ensure the higher level of employee’s performance. HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY: H1: There is a relationship between the employee commitment and employee performance. H2: There is a relationship between the affective commitment and employee performance. H3: There is a relationship between continuous commitment and employee performance. H4: There is a relationship between normative commitment and employee performance. RESEARCH DESIGN: (1) Instrument: The research targets to study the impact of employee commitment on employee performance. Data was collected through Questionnaire. The employee commitment Questionnaire consists of 18 items (related to affective, continuous, normative commitment), each factor consisted of 6 questions each in which 9 items were taken from the organizational commitment questionnaire by Allen Mayer. The second part of questionnaire is related to the employee performance and consists of 10 items. The questions were measured on a five point Liker’s scale developed by William Anderson(1991)ranging from(1)strongly disagree,(2)Disagree,(3)Neither agree nor disagree,(4)Agreed,(5)strongly-agree this research paper employee commitment(affective, continuous, normative) taken as independent variable and employee performance is taken as dependent variable. First pilot study was conducted by using 25 questionnaires. The crown back alpha was 70% in pilot study. After conducting pilot study some modifications were made in the questionnaire, these changes were made in the items which were creating ambiguity and miss- understanding among the respondents.200 Questionnaires were again used to collect the data from the respondents. The questionnaires were duly distributed and collected from the respondents of the Lahore. The  reliability and analyses were done by using SPSS. (2)Sample: A sample of 200 Questionnaires was used to conduct the research on the topic impact of employee commitment on employee performance. The Stratified random sampling was used for data collection .Liker five point scales was used having two extreme ends. It is a causal type of investigation; the main purpose was to find the impact of employee commitment on employee performance. The research was conducted in a non-contrived study environment means that the study was conducted in a natural environment; it was a cross-sectional study. (3)Subjects: The data was collected from the employees of the three major sectors (banking, telecommunication and education sector), the data collection was confined to the city of Lahore. DATA ANALYSIS: The data will be collected through questionnaires entered in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS); following tools were uses for analysis: Regression analysis and correlation tests. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: 1. The study was conducted and data was collected only to see the impact of employee commitment of employee performance 2. The study further elaborates the relationship of the dimensions of the employee commitment (affective, continuous and normative) with the employee performance; 3. The study can also be done to know the effects of the other factors on employee performance. The cross-sectional method of study was used to collect the data which means that the research was conducted only one time, but longitudinal method of study can also be used for the better results; 4. Due to the deficiency of cost and time only one city Lahore and three sectors (banking, telecommunication and education) were used to conduct the research. The results might be different for different cities and organization. REFERENCES: A.Yousef, D. (1998). Satisfaction with job security as a predictor of organizational commitment and job performance in a multicultural environment. International Journal of Manpower, 19(3), 184-194. AlexandraPanaccio, & Vandenberghe, C. (2012). Five factor model of personality and organizational commitment:The mediating role of positive and negative affective states. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 647-658. Ashar, M., Ghafoor, M. M., Munir, E., & Hafeez, S. (2013). The impact of perceptions of trining on employee commitment and turnover intention:Evidence from Pakistan. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 3(1), 74-88. Ashraf, Z., MehdiJaffri, A., Sharif, M. T., & Khan, M. A. (2012). Increasing employee organizational commitment by corelating goal setting,employee engagement and optimism at workplace. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(2), 71-78. Ayodeji, O. O., Oyelere, M., Tunde, E., & Mariam, G.-S. (2011). Enhancing employees’ commitmentto organi zation through training. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(280-286). Chen, J.-C., Silverthrone, C., & Hung, J.-Y. (2006). Organization communication,job stress,organizational commitment and job performance of accounting professionals in Taiwan and Amercia. Leadership&Organizational Development Journal, 27(4), 242-249. Dixit, D. V., & Bhati, M. M. (2012). A study about employee commitment and its impact on sustained productivity in Indian Auto-component industry. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 1(6), 34-51. Dost, M. K. B., & Ahmad, D. Z. (2011). Impact of employee commitment on organizational performance. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(3), 87-98. E.Becker, T., s.Billings, R., Eleleth, D. M., & L.Gilbert, N. (1996). Foci and bases of employee commitment:Implications for job performance. The Acadamy of Management Journal, 39(4), 464-482. Fisher, R., Mcphail, R., & Menghetti, G. (2010). Linking employee performance and behaviors with business performance:A comparative analysis of hotels in Mexico and China. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 397-404. Green, F., Felsted, Mahyhew, & k&pack. (2000). The impact of training on labour mobility:individual and firm level evidence from Britian. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 38(2), 261-275. Khan, M. R., Ziauddin, Jam, F. A., & M.I.Rammy. (2010). The impacts of organizational commitment on employee job performance. European Journal of Social Sciences, 15(3), 292-298. L.Sims, R., & K.GalenKroeck. (1994). The influence of ethical fit on employee satisfaction,commitment and turnover. Journal of Business Ethices, 13, 939-947. M.Steeres, R. (1977). Antecedentsand outcomes of organizational commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22(1), 46-56. Macky, K., & Boxball, P. (2007). The relationship between ‘high performance work practices’and employee attitudes:an investigation of additive and interaction effects. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 537-567. P.Meyer, J., J.Stanely, L., & M.Parfyonova, N. (2012). Employee commitment in contex:The nature and implication of commitment profiles. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 1-16. Panaccio, A., & Vandenberghe, C. (2012). Five factor model of personality and organizational commitment:The mediating role of positive and negative affective states. Journal of Vocational Behavior. Riketta, M. (2002). Attitudi nal organizational commitment and job performance:a meta analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 257-266. Saleem, S. (2011). The impact of financial incentives on employee commitment European Journal of Social Sciences, 3(4), 258-367. Shahid, M. A., & .m.Azhar, D. S. (2013). Gaining emloyee commitment:Linking to organizational effectiveness. Journal of Management Research, 5(1), 250-268. Vural, Y., Vardarlier, P., & Aykir, A. (2012). The effects of using talent management with performance evaluation system over employee commitment. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 340-349.

Text Analysis with Systemic Functional Grammar Framework

Text Analysis with Systemic Functional Grammar Framework Text for Analysis Susan: Why don’t you want to go there with me, Teddy?Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Text Analysis with Systemic Functional Grammar Framework specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theodore: Well You see Sue, I’m not really sure that I should. Besides, you are a smart girl and can do that on your own. Susan: But I thought we were going to the Jarreds’ together. And now Now I do not want to go either. Susan: Maybe I should call them and tell that we fell ill and this can be influenza?! Theodore: Don’t, honey. They are waiting for you! And I Susan: You have to come with me! You are my boyfriend and I want my friends to know that and accept my decision. Theodore: But, Sue They don’t like me and we both know it. One doesn’t need to be a genius to know that. Look at yourself and look at me: We are from different galaxies and all your friends think so too. Did you ever notice how your friends look at me when I stand aside? No? And I did And I didn’t like that at all. At all! Maybe you can be more successful if you find someone who fits you perfectly?Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Susan: Someone from the same galaxy? Don’t be ridiculous, Ted! I do not want to find a perfect match and don’t want to be judged by my friends. I like you and want to be with you. Isn’t that enough? Theodore: Yes Well, no I don’t know what you mean. I think that you could just go without me to that stupid party Susan: So, now you think it stupid! Hah! I thought so. You don’t want to meet with my friends and do not try to make them like you. You just sit and moan, walk and moan, lie and moan. What do you want me to do? Maybe I should have told them to like you, shouldn’t I? Of course! I should have taken you the re and told them to be nice with you. But you are not a little boy and should take care of yourself. (She went out and slammed the door). The Genre and the Cultural Context Variables As the text is a composed one, it can be characterised in accordance with genre peculiarities as a fiction romantic novel (Eggins, 2004, p.56) where two main characters are involved in a dialogue. Besides, this can be treated as a dialogue between two people who have a romantic affair. It is obvious from the context that they are of different social status or have unequal background. Munro (2008) explores researches by Halliday and other prominent linguists of the era concerning the concept of linguistics and of grammar in particular. In this respect, Halliday (2002) suggested a complicated analysis of grammar related to semiotics hence developing research on multi-functional nature and structure of language. Thus, the cultural peculiarities of the text under analysis cannot be defined. However, the bas ic information can be retrieved from this text. For instance, the dialogue takes place between two people of different genders and none of them tries to take the role of another; a man and a woman have some differences in social position and do not have great difference in age.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Text Analysis with Systemic Functional Grammar Framework specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The target readers of this passage are adults and young adults as the conversation in the text takes place between two adults. Men as well as women can be target readers of this text because it is only a passage. So, it can be a part of another text with another context. Thus, it can be a dialogue retrieved from a romance novel or romance detective story. At the same time, this can be a kind of lyrical digression in a story aimed at male reading audience. The text does not propagate any ideological ideas or concepts. The b asic idea in this excerpt concerns the relationships between men and women and complexity in understanding each other. The text enlarges on ideas and beliefs of people and their expectations of relationships with other members of the same community. The words like ‘stupid’ mentioned by the male character concerning the party can be considered as those assessing the category of people to which his girlfriend belongs. Table 1. Semantic choices illustrating beliefs and values Susan Theodore inability to make sound decisions: I do not want to go either; call them and tell that we fell ill and this can be influenza; want my friends toaccept my decision; wants everything to be done as she wants have to come with me; I thought we were going to the Jarreds’ together Don’t be ridiculous; So, now you think it stupid! Hah! I thought so! is not ready to compromise but wants to have everything I like you and want to be with you. Isn’t that enough? You don’t want to meet with my friends; [You] do not try to make them like you. I should have told them to like you lack of self confidence Well You see; I’m not really sure; And I; But, Sue; They don’t like me; i didn’t like that; Yes Well, no I don’t know; opposes her position and the one of his own you are a smart girl; Look at yourself and look at me; We are from different galaxies; [you] can do that on your own; you can be more successful; you find someone who fits you perfectly thinks that everyone understands his problems and waits for sympathy all your friends think so too They are waiting for you and we both know it; Did you ever notice; I think that you could just go without me Description of Experiential Meanings The most verbs are used in the function of material, behavioural, and identifying meaning hence signalling about the material nature of the conversation. There are many negations in the text that identify the inability o f two people to compromise and find a sound decision. Thus, excessive use of â€Å"want† and â€Å"should† with and without a negative particle meaning that the problems concerns expectations, ability, necessity, and desire to make some actions. The following table introduces this situation: Table 2. Experiential meanings: Identification of processesAdvertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More MATERIAL BEHAVIORAL MENTAL VERBAL RELATIONAL Identifying attributive Go See Call Are waiting Accept Loot Look Did notice Look Stand Find Fits find Be judged Do not try Make them like Sit Walk Lie Have taken Take care Went slammed Want Were going Do not want Want Don’t like Didn’t like Do not want Don’t want Like Want to be Don’t want Dowant thought know know think don’t know thought Tell Moan Moan Moan Should have told Told should can do Don’t should have to come doesn’t need are did can be successful be do shouldn’t should should am not sure are a girl can be influenza fell ill are my boyfriend be a genius don’t be ridiculous isn’t enough be nice are not a boy Description of Interpersonal Meanings, Power Relations, and Modality The identification of participants appears to influence largely on the identification of discourse. In this respect, the main topics of concern of participants are her friends and his unwillingness to compromise. In this respect, it is possible to suggests that this is a couple of people who are not married and who try to build their relations. There are many aspects and hidden conflicts that interfere with their feelings and true emotions. Table 3: Participants MATERIAL PROCESS MENTAL PROCESS actor goal/range/beneficiary senser phenomenon Go Call Tell Are waiting Accept Look Look Did notice Look I stand Find Fits find Be judged Do not try Make them like Sit Walk Lie Have taken Take care Went slammed There with me Them (to tell) That we fell ill For you (to come) My decision At yourself At me How your friends look At me Aside find someone who fits you perfectly a perfect match by my friends to make them like you you and moan and moan and moan you there of yourself out the door thought know know think don’t know think thought going to the Jarreds’ together that you are my boyfriend that they don’t like me so too what you mean that y ou could go without me so BEHAVIORAL behaver phenomenon Want Were going Do not want Want Don’t like Didn’t like Do not want Don’t want Like Want to be Don’t want Dowant To go there To the Jarreds’ To go either My friends to know Me (the way they stared) To find a match To be judged You With you To meet Me to do VERBAL PROCESS RELATIONAL PROCESS sayer verbiage receiver Id fd / carr. Id fr / attr Tell Moan Moan Moan Should have told Told Influenza }protest Imperative (to make them like him) To be nice with her boyfriend Them His girlfriend Them (friends) Them (her friends) should can do Don’t should have to come doesn’t need are did can be successful be do shouldn’t should should am not sure are a girl can be influenza fell ill are my boyfriend be a genius don’t be ridiculous isn’t enough be nice are not a boy The text is based on interrogative and negative forms to emphasise the importance of the conflict and frequency of using mutual reproaches in the conversation. Both participants of the dialogue use incomplete sentences but the male character uses those incomplete sentences more often than the female signalling about shifted roles and her dominance on their couple. Description of Textual Meanings and Textual Coherence The clauses are not always organised in the way when a ‘theme’ occurs in the initial position as there are functional words in the initial position whereas a certain meaning is attributed to the initial position of a clause in a sentence. Thus, Rose (2001 as cited in Mushin Baker, p. 34) suggests that the ‘theme’ refers to â€Å"this is what I’m talking about† while the ‘rheme’ is treated as â€Å"this is what I’m saying about it†. The use of various types of grammar is emphasised in the study by O’Halloran (2011, p.19) where the author analyses the political debates. Any type of conversation where more than one person is enrolled requires more complicated grammar. In this respect, the text under analysis can be characterized with the help of systemic functional grammar framework. Fawcett (2000) suggests a few principles of treating the theory of systemic grammar with a branch of syntax. The textual interactivity of the text is very high as both characters use hesitators, pauses, and repetitions. For instance, ‘Well You see’, ‘And now Now I do not want to go either’, ‘And i didn’t like that at all. At all!’, ‘Yes Well, no I don’t know what you mean’. Spontaneity of the text is obvious as there are many phrases with irregular structure and those where a nominal group is absent. Even those phrases that should have been built in accordance with coordination of sentences were separated to make the text more emotionally coloured and make those pauses more meaningful. The text is coherent becaus e it has a beginning, a climax, and a dà ©nouement. All facts are presented in a clear way and explained by characters with the help of introduction of a conflict and mutual reproaches. Classroom Applicability of This Text The text can be used in the class for analysis because it has different grammatical forms, means of expression, and stylistic devices. Before introducing this text for analysis in classroom, it is necessary to discuss different situations that can occur between people that have various relationships. It would be great to provide students with examples of situations and ask them to characterise the mood of each situation. For instance, even positive lexical units can be used in the situation marked with negative mood and vice versa. In this respect, lesson objectives and tasks can be the following: Read the text and assess the situation given. Try to give constructive feedback on the content of the text. Critically evaluate the actions and cues of characters; Ana lyse the characters and relations between them. Identify the level of intimacy between characters and their social distance (implicitly or explicitly shown in the text). Evaluate the usage of the words with positive and negative connotation and identify the effect produced by non-typical use of words with certain connotation; Identify the mood of the text (the whole text if the mood did not change in the course of the story or mood of each part if the mood changed in the story); Mark contacted forms and explain their meaning. Trace those cases when a contacted form is used in the same phrase as the full one. Explain such use of contracted forms and effects produced with the help of this technique. Assess the frequency of using short and full forms and emotional colouring of those cases. Reference List Eggins, S. (2004). An introduction to systemic functional linguistics. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. Fawcett, R. P. (2000). A theory of syntax for systemic functio nal linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Halliday, M.A.K. (2002). On grammar. London: Continuum. Munro, R. A. (2008). Probabilistic representation of systemic functional grammar. London: Endangered Languages Archive Department of Linguistics School of Oriental and African Studies University of London. Mushin, I., Baker, B. J. (2008). Discourse and grammar in Australian languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. O’Halloran, K. L. (in press 2011). Multimodal discourse analysis. In K. Hyland and B. Paltridge (eds.). Companion to Discourse. London and New York: Continuum. Retrieved from http://multimodal-analysis-lab.org/_docs/pubs14-OHalloran%28in%20press%202011%29-Multimodal_Discourse_Analysis.pdf

Absolute Error or Absolute Uncertainty Definition

Absolute Error or Absolute Uncertainty Definition Absolute error or absolute uncertainty is the uncertainty in a measurement, which is expressed using the relevant units. Also,  absolute error may be used to express the inaccuracy in a measurement. Absolute error may be called approximation error. Absolute error is the difference between a measurement and a true value: E |x0 - x| Where E is absolute error, x0 is the measured value and x is the true or actual value Why Is There Error? Error is not a mistake. It simply reflects the limitations of measurement instruments. For example, if you use a ruler to measure a length, each tic on the ruler has a width. If a distance falls between marks on the ruler, you need to estimate whether the distance is closer to one mark than the other and by how much. This is error. The same measurement may be taken multiple times to gauge the range of the error. Absolute Error Example If a measurement is recorded to be 1.12 and the true value is known to be 1.00 then the absolute error is 1.12 - 1.00 0.12. If the mass of an object is measured three times with values recorded to be 1.00 g, 0.95 g, and 1.05 g, then the absolute error could be expressed as /- 0.05 g.

Corporate Governance and Global Financial Ethics Essay

Corporate Governance and Global Financial Ethics - Essay Example By conducting a thorough review of the organisation’s management, through the examination of performance, records and statements; auditing allows for identification of pitfalls and their consequent rectification thereby facilitating maximization of shareholder’s value. Auditing usually occurs at the internal and external levels. The internal audit is conducted by an audit team that is part of the organisation, which reports to senior management team of the organisation. External auditors on the other hand report to the organisation’s shareholders with the main purpose being to improve the validity and reliability of the internal audit outcomes. Internal audit serves just as an important function to the shareholders as external auditing does. The process identifies organisational outcomes thereby facilitating the development of a framework and mechanisms through which organisational processes can be restructured and made more effective to facilitate the attainment of organisational objectives. However, in order to achieve this goal, the internal audit process must itself be an effective one. The effectiveness of internal auditing can be maintained by adhering to particular codes of conduct. One of the most important factors for effective auditing is that it must be independent from the activities and operations that it evaluates (CIIA, 2014). The CIIA prescribes that to facilitate the independence of the internal auditing team; the chief internal auditor should serve at a senior capacity within the organisation (2013). Such a position furnishes him/her with the standing and authority to challenge the executive. Moreover, th e CIIA further contends that the audit team should have access to all managerial decision-making forums (2013). The independence of the internal audit team is facilitated by the recruitment of independent individuals. Such